Companies Must Mentor Relationships and Manage Conflicts...

Managing conflict and how it will undoubtingly affect the long-term success of your career. Understanding the five areas of the mentoring relationship becomes vital for all employees when effectively managing conflict. The next competency of leveraging diversity is just as important as being able to manage conflict. In leveraging diversity one must â€Å"foster an inclusive workplace where diversity and individual differences are valued and leveraged to achieve the vision and mission of the organization†. With the differences in race/ethnicity, gender, generation, and sexual preferences also come issues that affect performance. This has been verified by the current performance of the department. This is the reason why leveraging diversity is†¦show more content†¦As a mentor, you pass on valuable skills, knowledge and insights to your mentee to help them develop their career. This also helps you build on the leadership competencies that have been described. Similarly, as a mentee you must take in the skill and knowledge passed on by your mentor to improve your performance, reputation and credibility, relationships, visibility, and ability to manage conflict. The development process is a benefit for both parties and even external beneficiaries of the mentoring relationship if administered properly. The final competency in leading people is team building. Team building is used to â€Å"inspire and foster team commitment, spirit, pride, facilitates cooperation, and motivates team members to accomplish group goals†. A great way to build â€Å"morale and camaraderie in your company is to employ team-building activities and concepts with your employees†. This is the end goal of the mentoring relationships and should bring individuals closer in learning how to work together for the success of the company. Building a productive team helps improve the performance of all individuals with the company. An effective team also translates into le ss conflicts within the organization which in turn helps relationships grow and validates the credibility of the organization both internally and externally. Recommendation: Recognizing the need for a mentorship program Most mentorshipShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Skills : Interpersonal And Social Skills1682 Words   |  7 Pagessubordinates to achieve the goals of an organization (Adair, 2009). A leader must have the ability to relate well with followers. Effective leaders have self-awareness, as well as the awareness of those around them. The leader needs to be socially perceptive. A leader requires interpersonal skills to show emotional intelligence. It assists a person in understanding emotions and applying this understanding to daily tasks. A leader must also learn ways of ensuring temperance with their emotions as self-regulatingRead MoreNuclear Tube Assembly Room Case1202 Words   |  5 Pagesskills has identified him as the reason for the recent change. His strong abilities to manage people demonstrate the same abilities shown in Quinn’s Competing Values Model. Throughout this case analysis I plan to examine Langley’s managerial s kills based on Quinn’s model. Quinn’s Competing Values Framework To be able to demonstrate and categorize where Langley fits on Quinn’s competing value framework model we must first understand his model. Quinn’s competing value framework is divided in four models;Read MoreOrganizational Behavior and Strong Culture1260 Words   |  5 Pagesand made the decision to make sure achieve a goals. Leaders also have a power to influence on the organization to follow what the decision made on him. There are three major type of the leader such as autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire. Leader must have a good skill and knowledge to conduct the organization very well in the work. (Northouses (2007, p3). Kim Ann Zimmermann, LiveScience Contributor, July 09, 2012 ,the meaning culture is characteristic group of people such as religion, languageRead MoreOrganizational Goals And Customer Expectations1475 Words   |  6 Pagesdriven employee must obtain in order to meet organizational goals and customer expectations. They are: accountability, customer service, decisiveness, entrepreneurship, problem solving and technical credibility. Accountability is one’s ability to hold her and other accountable for noticeable supremacy, profitable results in a timely matter. To be successful at accountability one must set priorities, establish objectives, delegate work, admit when one makes an oversight, obeys with company guidelines.Read MoreCommunication Between Managers And Other Employees981 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication between all levels on a company is important because without communication you will find that too many people will start making their own plans and ideas which m ay not align with the company goals and that is when conflict will arise. Conflict is dissatisfaction or disagreement between one of more individuals. Work conflict is the more difficult to handle because you cannot always walk away from it or not be around the people who are causing it. Conflict usually comes from lack of communicationRead MoreKey Issues : Who Gets The Project Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility of the CMT unit, and with his newly appointed position, Peterson must decide a project lead for a CD-ROM self-study course. As Peterson has a personal relationship with both Seamus and Olson, the decision process could undermine his personal relationship with one of the individuals. Moreover, Peterson understands that his performance in this temporary position reflects his leadership abilities. Thus, Peterson must elect a suitable candidate, while mitigating unwanted negative consequencesRead MoreWolfgang Keller at Konigsbrau-Krayina1244 Words   |  5 PagesUkrainian subsidiary of the German beer company Konigsbrau, faces a complicate d managerial dilemma. His subordinate, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, is a talented and experienced commercial director who is not meeting his goals appropriately. Keller is an action-oriented manager who likes to use a hands-on approach when dealing with problems. He has the potential to be a great leader as evidence by his drive and people skills. But his lack of experience running a multinational company gives him difficulty in dealingRead MoreManaging A Team Of Multi Generational Workers Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pages In today’s world, the problems of managing a team of multi-generational workers can be best described by the difference in the generation in the workforce. This usually is the main reason for conflicts in the workplace but sometimes can be a boon for the employers for the development of an organisation to be more efficient and productive. Authoritative approaches to deal with these inadequate nowadays as these are of differing values and attributes with varying ambitions to either compete or collaborateRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Staff Member Relations? Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesmembers. Relationship among employees provides the context in which organizational roles assigned to members are performed, team spirit inculcated, expectations clarified, conflicts resolved and shared norms of behavior developed. Maintenance of harmonious relationship among employees is a necessary condition for enabling organizations to move towards excellence. Despite the significance of healthy staff member relations, there are occasions in the life of every organization when relationships are strainedRead MoreMy Current Employer s Organization Behavior1438 Words   |  6 Pagesintegrates different cultures and the workflow is undisturbed. The fact that the culture is vast over time it still does not merge into a homogenous culture. The cultural aspects manage to remain distinct. This session has taught me about intercultural communication which occurs in many organizations and how there must be a competence in this area. The term refers to communication or sending and receiving messages across various languages or cultures. (Arent, 2009) The organization host cultural

Why The Rich Should Pay More Taxes - 749 Words

Taxation rate is a very controversial topic in America. Many people like Mark Rosenfelder, Author of Why the Rich Should Pay More Taxes, believe that the more you make the more you should be taxed. They justify this by saying that Upper class, well-to-do individuals take more from the government. They say because wealthy people have more, they have more to lose; thus they require more protection. Many believe that a flat tax, a tax in which all citizens pay equal tax regardless of their income, is unfair. Really? Taxing someone because they work hard and make more money seems to make less sense. Raising the tax rate just because they work hard and have more than other people isn’t right. The wealthy upper-class citizen did not make the lower class poor and shouldn’t be taxed heavily to support them. In his essay Rosenfelder focuses his attention on how to bleed the wealthy for their money through a progressive tax. James Madison Declared, â€Å"The apportionment of taxes on the various descriptions of property is an act which seems to require the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no legislative act in which greater opportunity and temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the rules of justice.† In this quote James Madison states that the appointment of taxes must be completely impartial. In other words, everyone should be equally taxed. Also, Madison continues to state that the legislative tax offers a dangerous opportunity to distort justice. ThisShow MoreRelatedIs It Ethical to Tax the Rich More1728 Words   |  7 PagesShould the Rich Pay Higher Taxes? I would first like to start off by saying that this question really doesn’t make sense as the rich already pay higher taxes and the candidates aren’t trying to make it so everyone pays the same amount, just that the rich will either pay more taxes or get a tax break. According to usatoday.com â€Å"The 10% of households with the highest incomes pay more than half of all federal taxes. They pay more than 70% of federal income taxes, according to the Congressional BudgetRead MoreWhy The Rich Should Pay Higher Taxes1730 Words   |  7 Pagesyou think would happen if the rich paid more taxes? Would there be a better economy or would it be worst, maybe even stay the same. Increasing the taxes would help out our economy in a few ways. one way that it would help out our economy is that not only would there be less of a concentration of profit at the top of our social ladder there would be more revenue for the funding of civil union jobs. Also not to mention causing the bigg er corporations to have to pay more so they would be unable to escapeRead MoreAnalysis of Rich Dad, Poor Dad955 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Rich Dad, Poor Dad is a book that educates readers about financial literacy. Robert Kiyosaki, the author, has two dads – one rich and one poor, although the rich dad is not his, but his friend’s dad. Both dads have different views about earning money, and Robert had the choice of contrasting both views while growing up. His rich dad’s views were more powerful and useful to Robert. The author guides the reader through six main lessons his rich dad taught him on how to let money work forRead MoreEssay on Taxation985 Words   |  4 Pageshave the responsibility of ensuring that the system takes into account the needs of the citizens. The bottom line is that taxation should foster equal distribution of resources. The rate of taxation is usually arrived at after several considerations have been made. The rates are not fixed as they depend on the various economic changes. The issue of how taxation should be distributed among the different economic classes is yet to be addressed. Whenever economic turbulence increases, the policy makersRead MoreShould Rich People Pay More Taxes?1285 Words   |  6 Pagesthey always had a way of getting. Now, they aren’t rich but they’re not struggling either. They are just the ordinary simple middle class that pay taxes every year. But the question is should rich people pay more taxes? And I think yes, because the tax code we currently have is unfair. However, before I explain my reasoning I should explain the further terms about the tax system. The tax system is a legal system for assessing and collecting taxes. Taxation is a sum of money demanded by a governmentRead MoreDebate on Taxes Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesthe more wealthy individuals in a society should be taxed more heavily than their poorer counterparts. Many have argued over the pros and cons of the taxation of richer people, but when one looks at it objectively, the pros far outweigh the cons. Not only do the pros outweigh the cons, but a question one must ask oneself is whether or not prosperous people really need that extra money? Richer people should be taxed higher because it is better for the economy, social classes will become more evenRead MoreAre The Rich Taxed Enough?1264 Words   |  6 PagesWhen asked the question, â€Å"Are the rich taxed enough?† The first thought that comes to mind is, at what point is someone considered rich? Following tha t answer, at what point are they taxed enough? Forbes magazine considers one rich when he or she reaches one million dollars of income in a single year. In 2015 if one makes more than $413,201 they are taxed at the max of $119,996.25 plus the 39% for every cent after that. Leading back to â€Å"Is this enough?† Now consider the fact that the richest 1% makeRead MoreWhy The Rich Should Not Be Taxed More1515 Words   |  7 PagesWhy the Rich Should Not Be Taxed More Many Americans agree today that there should be higher taxes on the wealthy. Many surveys have been conducted to reveal the opinion of whether or not the rich should be taxed more. Many of the surveys equaled out with opinions and others, like one conducted in 2010, showed that 67 percent of Americans believe that the wealthy should pay more in social security tax. From another survey conducted a year later in 2011, Americans were asked whether the wealthy shouldRead MoreRich Dad, Poor Dad Book Review1145 Words   |  5 Pagesfind a high-paying job with great benefits, my parents used to say. Their goal in life was to provide a college education for my older sister and me, so that we would have the greatest chance for success in life. This is the introduction to the book Rich Dad Poor Dad by Robert T. Kiyosaki. This is especially true in the context of Asian countries where most of us are told to cram for exams, get good grades (top the class if possible) and jobs with fat paychecks and benefits. Though times are changingRead MoreTax Money For Social Programs993 Words   |  4 Pagesgoing to get the fair idea of why and what taxes do. The government is not self financing so the money for social programs must come from some where. Taxation can be defined as being a means of collecting money from citizens and businesses within the country to support its operations. The Affirmative State is a state that provides a wide range of public good and services and plays an active role in solving social problems and advancing public purposes. Looking at taxes they do two things: first the

Americans, in the years following the end of World Essay Example For Students

Americans, in the years following the end of World Essay War I found themselves in an era, where the people simply wished to detach themselves from the troubles of Europeans and the rest of the world. During the years of the Twenties, the economy was prosperous, there was widespread social reform, new aspects of culture were established, and people found better ways to improve their lifestyle and enjoy life. The 1920s exemplified the changing attitudes of Americans toward foreign relations, society, and leisure activities. Following the end of World War I, many Americans demanded that the United States stay out of European affairs in the future. The United States Senate even refused to accept the Treaty of Versailles which officially ended World War I and provided for the establishment of the League of Nations. The Senate chose to refuse the Treaty in the fear that it could result in the involvement of the United States in future European wars. Americans simply did not wish to deal with, nor tolerate the problems of Europe and abroad. There were many problems running rampant throughout the country following the conclusion of the war. One of the greatest problems which arose was the Red Scare which was seen as an international communist conspiracy that was blamed for various protest movements and union activities in 1919 and 1920. The Red Scare was touched off by a national distrust of foreigners. Many Americas also kept a close eye on the increasing activities of the Klu Klux Klan who were terrorizing foreigners, blacks, Jews and Roman Catholics. Once Americans put the war behind them, they were able to forget the problems of European affairs, and focus on the country, their town, and themselves. Americans found themselves in a period of reform, both socially and culturally. Many feared that morality had crumbled completely. Before World War I, women wore their hair long, had ankle length dresses, and long cotton stockings. In the twenties, they wore short, tight dresses, and rolled their silk stockings down to their knees. They wore flashy lipstick and other cosmetics. Eventually, women were even granted the right to vote with the passing of the 19th Amendment. It was up to this time period that women were not seen as an important aspect in American society. As if rebelling from the previous position of practically non-existence, women changed their clothing, their fashion, and even cut their hair shorter into bobs which were very similar to the style of men. The similarities were no mere coincidence, but an attempt of the w omen in American society pushing towards equality. Once the women had the right to vote with the passing of the 19th Amendment, they did not just sit back. The women of the 1920s strived for a position of equality for both men and women in society. Literature, art, and music also reflected the nations changing values. There were many famous authors, playwrights, musicians and artists which left their mark during the Twenties. Sinclair Lewis authored Main Street (1920), a book which attacked what he considered the dull lives and narrow minded attitudes of people in a small town. Another great author of the time was F. Scott Fitzgerald whose works included The Beautiful and Damned, and Tales of the Jazz Age. F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, exemplified the American Dream. The story shows the often misconception of the American Dream being a life of prosperity, parties, happiness, and utopian places. The book uncovers the characters pursuit of this dream only to discover the American Dream as the American Tragedy. Many Americans who immigrated to the United States in the 20s were believing the same misconception, only to later find the hidden truth that the American Dream was not all what it was cracked up to be. One of the greatest American authors to emerge from the Twenties was Ernest Hemingway. Some of Hemingways most noted works in the Twenties included Across the River and into the Trees, and In Our Time. Many of Hemingways finest works presented the attitudes and experiences of the eras so called last generation.Americans had a hunger for news in the Twenties. Every day they would flock to the newsstand for the latest information. They would find the information they needed from various newspapers and periodicals. From the New York Times they got top-notch foreign correspondence. In the New York World they could read Franklin P. Adams, Heywood Broun and other outstandingly witty columnists. In the Twenties the expose of evil-doing in high places became the mark of a good newspaper: The St. Louis Post- Dispatch forced an allegedly corrupt federal judge to resign; the Indianapolis Times exposed Indianas Ku Klux Klan leader as a murderer. Newspaper circulation boomed in the Twenties. The total for the nation was about 25 million when the decade started and about 40 million at its close, (Cronon 341). Tabloids and magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post, National Geographic, and the Literary Digest also became very big during the Twenties. One author noted for his work during the Twenties was H.L. Mencken in his witty magazine The American Mercury which ridiculed the antics of dim-witted politicians, and prohibitionists. The artists and composers were inspired by both tradition and changes in American life. Joseph Stella painted soaring lines and precise geometric patterns to represent skyscrapers, his favorite theme. George Gershwin became one of the most popular composers of the 1920s. Two of his best known orchestral works Rhapsody in Blue, and An American in Paris, feature many elements of jazz. In the Twenties, Jazz was becoming very popular. Americans sang and danced to all of their favorite songs. Every time the turntable was flipped on, Americans just had to dance. It was a new feeling of pleasure, and enjoyment which came hand in hand with the beginnings of jazz music in America. With jazz becoming big, Americans veered away from traditional song and dance and began exploring other types of music such as jazz. The cheerful, light, easy feeling accompanied with jazz music was just an extension of American feelings during the Twenties; joyous and free spirited. Microsoft (1139 words) EssayThere were many famous Americans who left a positive mark on the history of the United States during the Twenties. One of the most famous was Charles A. Lindbergh, an aviator who is noted in his achievement of being the first person to fly solo non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean. Lindberghs feat gained him immediate, international fame. Lindbergh and his wife paved the way for future airlines by charting routes for aircraft. While Lindbergh was contributing to aviation, other Americans had some exceptional contributions. One scientist became famous for his work with rockets. In 1926, Scientist Robert H. Goddard fired liquid fueled rockets into the atmosphere. It was he who laid the basis of modern rocketry. There were many new inventions which were created during the Twenties, as well as new methods and techniques. Department stores began introducing installment payment plans to their customers. The idea of Buy Now and Pay Later became very popular. Depa rtment stores saw an increase in sales of the radio in the Twenties. The value of radio sales in the United States jumped from $60 million in 1922 to $850 million in 1929, (Time-Life 101). The radio revolutionized the nations economy by giving new ways of advertising products, rather then newspapers and magazines. Department stores profited by the radio through commercials which persuaded listeners to spend a larger portion of their income on their products. The Twenties began as an era were Americans were feeling good. They had forgotten about the troubles of Europeans and began to better their lifestyles. Americans were finding new ways to earn a better living through an overall period of booming business and higher wages for workers. Many Americans began investing in the stock exchange in the hope of having a prosperous return, while others chose to make their fortune in such illegal activities as bootlegging. As fortunes were earned, and fortunes were lost the reality of the American Dream was sinking in. The dream of coming to the country and making it big came true for some Americans, but to others, it was not as sweet. Many lost all they had while trying to make it. People came to the United States having the idea that no matter what happened, they were going to make it. There dreams were however short-lived as the so called American Dream surrounded them and sucked them into the dark side of reality. Those who were not perceptive enough to see that business was risky, failed. In this era, Americans soon learned that the American Dream was not all it was cracked up to be. The Twenties showed a revolution in art, literature and music, which greatly reflected the nations changing values. Americans found new ways to entertain themselves, enjoying new dances such as the Charleston, popular for the time, and watching such sporting events as baseball, and boxing. Famous people emerged in the Twenties leaving their mark on history, just as new inventions were created revolutionizing even the simplest of activities for years to come. The Twenties were a fabulous decade outlined by a booming economy, and big business finding new ways to become bigger. New stores were popping up all over the nation and stores that were already around, grew into chains which stretched the length of the United States. All of these outstanding events, people, inventions, and happenings occurred only to be overshadowed by the Stock Market Crash in 1929. The Crash was the worst in the countries history and blanketed its negative effects over the positive happenings of the previous decade. The Crash, which carried the Great Depression into the 1930s was a nightmarish end to a fairytale era of prosperity and happiness. Many Americans had the privilege to be part of this period, a period known as The Roaring Twenties.

The Principal Factors Contributing to Individuals Resistance to Change

Introduction Change is a common feature in organizations. The capacity to handle such changes is the core competence of success in organizations (Weick Quinn, 1999, p. 362).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Principal Factors Contributing to Individual’s Resistance to Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the last two decades, the main drivers of organizational changes have been technological advancements, stiff competition and fluctuations in the global economy. This has led to exploration of mechanisms for achieving competitive advantage through increased radical forms of change (Reichers, Wanous Austin, 1997, p. 50). Human resources management is considered very significant in enforcing change in organizations. This is partly due to the fact that employees are the custodian of organizational values, which is one of the principal strategic elements determining companies’ potent ial (Kiefer, 2002, p. 40). Nowadays, companies are embracing new concepts in human resources management to enhance their competitive edge (Weick Quinn, 1999, p. 362). Some of these concepts focus on ways of overcoming various factors contributing to resistance to change (Reichers, Wanous Austin, 1997, p. 52). The paper will explore the principal factors contributing to individual’s resistance to change. The paper will also analyze a real-life case related to change resistance. Factors contributing to individual resistance to change The general overview of various aspects affecting individuals’ resistance to change in organizations has been developed out of the need to comprehend business dynamics and enhance efficiency (Baack, 2012, p. 45). Numerous studies have been conducted to identify a wide range of factors affecting employees’ resistance to change. The most common factors include involvement of general employees, communication procedures used, availabili ty of knowledge or information, employees’ academic qualification, and confidence in the top leadership. According to Weick and Quinn (1999, p. 370), employee involvement and open communication process enhance trust and, therefore, affect an individual’s resistance to change.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reichers, Wanous and Austin (1997, p. 52) emphasized that change in an organization can only be attained when the resistance is minimized. This can only be achieved by involving workers in the change process. The involvement gives them a sense of ownership. In addition, employee involvement enhances the level of confidence between the workers and the managers. Coch and French (1948) conducted a study on change resistance among workers in a clothing company who carried out tasks that were repeatedly changing. The clothing company witnessed considerab le resistance of the employees to the change, which was manifested in a number of ways, for instance, high rate of employee turnover and aggression towards the management. However, when the management decided to involve the workers in the change process the level of resistance went down. Kotter (1995, p. 63) highlighted the significance of the open communication policy in change management. He argued that such policy enables workers to express their fears and dislikes, and finally get their approval. Weick and Quinn (1999) explained that the communication process is very significant in cultivating trust between the workers and the management. This is because open communication policy produces a joint effort. The quality of information provided to the employees is also a major factor contributing to resistance to change (Weick Quinn, 1999, p. 373). According to Weick and Quinn (1999, p. 368), lack of legitimate and reliable information can increase the level of resistance to change among employees. This often occurs due to the fear of unknown impact of change and lack of understanding of the need for change. Reichers, Wanous and Austin (1997, p. 55) argued that employees indecision and misinterpretation of the change process or the need for change are the main factors that promote resistance to change. They explained that the above factors depend on the quality of information available to the employees. Therefore, legitimate and dependable information minimizes the fear of unknown and enhances understanding of the need for change.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Principal Factors Contributing to Individual’s Resistance to Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coch and French (1948, p. 515) explained that an organization can only cope with change when there is a supportive environment and freedom from threats. This can only be realized when the employees and the manage ment have cultivated a strong bond of trust. For this reason, increase in trust between the employees and the management minimizes the resistance to change. Trust entails issues related to integrity, reliability and honesty (Coch French, 1948, p. 516). Baack (2012, p. 155) showed that lack of confidence in the agents of change is the principle factor contributing to change resistance. He also identified lack of trust between the employees and the management as a factor that enhances change resistance. Last but not least, the level of education also affects the way employees respond to changes in an organization. Generally, highly learned employees are open-minded, innovative and willing to embrace change (Baack, 2012, p. 157). Real-life case of individuals resisting change In the late 2009, Green Sugar Company introduced the Sun System, a computerized accounting package. The package was introduced by the management without consultation. As a result, there was a general outrage and opposition to the new system since most workers had little knowledge about it. My cousin, a junior accountant in the company, felt that it was another scheme by the management to lay-off workers. This is because many workers had been laid-off since the new management took over the reign of leadership. Therefore, his resistance to the new system was because he did not trust the top leadership as well as did not understand the significance of the new system. Hence, his resistance was caused by internal factors. Nonetheless, the management had good intentions but only used the wrong approach. Application of Kotter’s theory for change to overcome the resistance In order to overcome such resistance, the company should apply Kotter’s eight steps for successful change management. These steps include creating a sense of urgency, forming a strong coalition, creating a vision, communicating the vision, empowering employees, developing short-term goals, consolidating improvements , and institutionalizing the change (Kotter, 1996, 88). First, the management should establish a sense of urgency because of the huge losses incurred due to the inefficiency of the old system. The establishment of a sense of urgency would prompt necessary action. Second, they should inform and educate to accept the change all the parties involved in the process.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Third, they should make sure that the proposal is in-line with the company’s vision or create a new vision to provide direction. Fourth, the vision should be communicated to all the employees. Fifth, all the employees should be given a role to play in the change process. Sixth, the proposal should incorporate short-term goals to ensure that the process is in accordance with the plan. Seventh, all the improvements should be consolidated and the impetus maintained. Lastly, the system should be institutionalized after the final analysis. The plan should be considered to have worked when the level of resistance reduces and employees owning up to the new system. In addition, employees should have full knowledge of the new system and understand its significance to the organization. Conclusion The capacity to handle changes is the core competence of success in organizations. However, many employees often resist change. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify a wide range of factors that contribute to employees’ resistance to change. The most common factors include involvement of general employees, communication procedures used, availability of knowledge or information, employees academic qualification, and confidence in the top leadership. Kotter provided key steps of overcoming such resistance. References Baack, D. (2012). Organizational Behavior. San Diego, CA: Bridge point Education, Inc. Coch, L. French, J. (1948). Overcoming Resistance to Change. Human Relations, 512-532. Kiefer, T. (2002). Understanding the emotional experience of organizational change: Evidence from a merger. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 4, 39–61. Kotter, J. P. (1995). Leading change: why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 73 (2), 59-67. Kotter, J. (1996). Leading Change. London: Harvard Business School Press. Reichers, A., Wanous, J. Austin, T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. Academy of Mana gement Review, 11(1), 48–59. Weick, K. Quinn, E. (1999). Organizational change and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 361–86. This research paper on The Principal Factors Contributing to Individual’s Resistance to Change was written and submitted by user Sarah Watson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gun control or government cont essays

Gun control or government cont essays When you hear the term gun control, many things may come to mind such as school shootings, like Columbine or Rocori, kids killing kids, the Brady Law and second amendment rights. As Americans face an ever-growing problem of violence, these issues have all prompted a controversy over how firearms in our society should be regulated. We cant afford to ignore the damage that criminals are doing to our society and we must find a way to stop the violence. However, the efforts of some misguided individuals to eliminate legal gun ownership, does not address the real problem at hand and simply disarms the law-abiding citizens who are most in need of defending themselves. We must preserve the right of Americans to own and carry firearms. To fully understand the different reasons behind gun control efforts, you must understand the major role of firearms in the history of our country. The Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States makes firearm ownership legal in this country and states that a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. This amendment clearly states that the citizens of America have the right to own firearms. When the colonists of early America felt that the burden of the British oppression was too much for them, they took up their personal firearms and went to war against the greatest military forces of the time. If these citizens had not been willing to form a militia to fight against the British Armies, we never would have won the independence that we have today. The founding fathers of this country knew that arming the general population was instrumental in fighting off oppression. This is why they made the right to keep and bear arms a constitutionally guaranteed right. As our country expanded westward into unsettled territo ...

IT related terms essays

IT related terms essays A high-level programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in the mid 1970s. Although originally designed as a systems programming language, C has proved to be a powerful and flexible language that can be used for a variety of applications, from business programs to engineering. C is a particularly popular language for personal computer programmers because it is relatively small it requires less memory than other languages. The first major program written in C was the UNIX operating system, and for many years C was considered to be inextricably linked with UNIX. Now, however, C is an important language independent of UNIX. Although it is a high-level language, C is much closer to assembly language than are most other high-level languages. This closeness to the underlying machine language allows C programmers to write very efficient code. The low-level nature of C, however, can make the language difficult to use for some types of applications. Pronounced lee-nucks, A freely-distributable implementation of UNIX that runs on a number of hardware platforms, including Intel and Motorola microprocessors. It was developed mainly by Linus Torvalds. Because it's free, and because it runs on many platforms, including PCs, Macintoshes and Amigas, Linux has become extremely popular over the last couple years. Another popular, free version of UNIX that runs on Intel microprocessors is FreeBSD. A program interface that takes advantage of the computer's graphics capabilities to make the program easier to use. Well-designed graphical user interfaces can free the user from learning complex command languages. On the other hand, many users find that they work more effectively with a command-driven interface, especially if they already know the command language. Graphical user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows and the one used by the Apple Macintosh, feature the following basic components: pointer : A ...

Summarize the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summarize the article - Essay Example The authors state that core mathematics programs that use an explicit and systematic instructional approach provide an in-depth coverage of the most critical areas of mathematics and help students with disabilities achieve the best and effective learning. This core programs reflect the current research on effective mathematics instruction meaning that they are highly developed to support the learning of mathematics for children with disabilities. The authors point out that much of the research done on this area have concentrated on the effects of small group intervention strategies. For learners with disabilities, modifications are required from time-to-time. Therefore, core programs give teachers the instructional foundation to make modifications that are required make the instructional intensity effective especially for struggling learners (Doabler, Jungjohann and Baker 50). Research has indicated that many reviews in the curriculum fail to address demonstration of target content, structured student practice and procedures to get academic feedback. However, there are certain guidelines that teachers can use to make their core mathematics instruction more explicit and systematic for children at risk of mathematics disabilities. However, the teachers must understand the importance of explicit and systematic instruction. First teachers must understand what explicit and systematic instruction entails. Research has indicated that children at risk of mathematics disabilities (MD) learn better, when teachers use explicit and systematic instruction. Explicit instruction is a method used for teaching essential skills in the most efficient manner. Explicit and systematic instruction entails unambiguous teaching models, sequencing of instructional examples, instructional scaffolding, timely feedback and cumulative review of the whole process. The second issue is the practical guidelines for examination and enhancement of core math instruction. The authors

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 3

Business management - Essay Example This occurs until the time when their disruptive innovation manages to invade the previous value network. At that period, the conventional firm in that network can at best only defend the market share attack by employing a me-too entrance with the reward being survival and not thriving. The theory of disruptive innovation was initially invented by Harvard professor Clayton M. Christensen during his research on the disk-drive business. It was later made popular by his book The Innovator’s Dilemma, which was published in 1997. This theory gives explanation on the event by which an innovation changes an existing and established sector or market by initiating convenience, accessibility, simplicity and affordability in areas where complication as well as high cost are evident (Christensen and Anthony 2004, 46). Initially, a disruptive innovation is created in a niche market which may seem unattractive or insignificant to business incumbents. Eventually, the new product or thought totally redefines the business. Initially, disruptive innovations occurred as technologically straightforward. They comprised of off the shelf elements assembled together in a product design that was mainly simpler compared to the previous approach (Christensen 2006, 40). They provided l ess of whatever the consumers and consumers in the already established markets needed. This meant that they could not be effectively employed in those markets. They gave out a different package of qualities that were only valued in the emerging markets far from, and significant to the established market. Christensen asserts that a disruptive innovation has the ability to hurt well managed and successful companies (Hwang and Christensen 2008, 1330). He argues that this can occur regardless of the company being responsive to its customers, or having exceptional research and development. These companies have a tendency to ignore those markets that are more susceptible to disruptive innovations. This is

Acid Rain investigation Essay Example for Free

Acid Rain investigation Essay o There are many different kinds of erosion but acid rain or else wind erosion are the two main types which could have eroded the marble statue which was positioned in the garden close to the industrial site. o Acid rain is made up from of a cocktail of different acids e. g. sulphuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid. Sulphuric acid is released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil, nitric acid is given off from car exhaust fumes, These gases react with water vapour and oxygen from the atmosphere and with the help of sunlight turn to acids and fall to ground in the forms of precipitation with high acidity levels which are between pH 1. 5 and 5 (acid rain or acid snow). o Sulphur dioxide is harmful to humans and can led to bronchitis and other lung diseases. o Sulphur is released into the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels; most of the worlds air pollution is due to the smoke given off from burning things. o The increasing amount of acid rain, which falls each year, is due to the increasing amount factories and vehicles on our roads. o Lakes in Scandinavia are effected very badly by acid rain even though very little of it is actually produced there, it is carried mainly by prevailing winds from Germany, France, the UK and other large industrialised European countries. o Acid rain can destroy trees by removing vital minerals from the soil, buildings, metal work e. g. cars, bridges, it can also destroy lakes and rivers killing all fish and plants which live their, acid rain can also take effect on are health. o Nitric acid could be the main power in acid rain for it is the most corrosive of all the acids which make up acid rain. Calcium carbonate + sulphuric acid = calcium sulphate + water + carbon dioxide CaCO3+H2SO4= CaSO4+ H2O+CO2 This word is equation is not to blame for the erosion of the marble statue because calcium sulphate is an insoluble participate which means that when the calcium sulphate come into contact the statue will be coated preventing it from any further erosion. With sulphuric acid not the blame for eroding the statue that leaves nitric acid and carbonic acid, carbonic acid is very week and therefore it would not be possible for it to erode the statue in such a short time, so that means the acid which has eroded the marble statue is nitric acid Calcium carbonate + nitric acid = calcium nitrate + water + carbon dioxide CaCO3 + NH3 = Ca(NO3) 2+ H2 O+ CO2 What am i going to investigate? : I am going to find out how the concentration of nitric acid would effect the marble statue and would quickly it will erode depending on how high the concentration of acid is. With the results I gain from this experiment I will draw up a graph to show how the concentration has taken effect. Safety: Like all experiments safety is very important and everything should be done carefully, safety goggles should be worn at all times in this experiment, we are using acids which are very strong, especially nitric acid, and therefore can easily burn so extra care is needed. All rules for experiments should be fallowed, to prevent any unwanted accidents, e. g. chairs below tables, tie tucked in. Fair test: To make this experiment fair a number of things must remain the same through-out the investigation: 1. same volume of acid used through-out, will be 25cm3. 2. Same type of acid used in the testing, in this experiment it will be nitric acid which I will use. 3. Every investigation must be done in the same temperature, this will be room temperature. 4. Same weight of marble used which will be measured to two decimal places. 5. So my results are correct I will do each experiment twice and find the average from the two tries. Apparatus: 1. Electronic scales- will be used to weigh out the marble to an accuracy of two decimal places. 2. Measuring cylinder- this will be used to measure out the volume of the acid. 3. Stop clock- used to time how long the marble is reacting with the acid. 4. Marble chips- will be used to react with the acid; some of the marble will be in powder form to speed up the reaction. 5. Nitric acid- will be used to react with the marble chips. 6. Beaker- will be where the reaction will take place. 7. Safety goggles- used to protect your eyes in case of any spillages, should be wore at all times during the experiment. What affects the rate of reaction? There are three main factors which can effect the rate of reaction on the marble statue they are: The concentration of the acid- the higher the concentration the more collisions will take place therefore erosion occurs quicker. The pressure of the acid- the higher the pressure the more collisions due to the particles being closer together. Temperature- the higher the temperature the more energy the particles will have meaning they will more much quicker and cause more reactions. Light- the amount of light available can alter the rate of reaction for the light will give energy to the particles which will increase the number of collisions. The size of the solids surface- the larger the surface area the longer it will take to be broken down, so a reaction on a solid with a small surface area will take a less time. Variables: Controlled- what I will keep the same through out this whole investigation is the mass of the marble which I will be used, it will be measured accurately using electronic scales. The volume of the acid will also be the same and it will be measured out using a measuring cylinder. Independent-this is what will be changed through-out the experiment, I will change the concentration of the acid for each part of the investigation. Dependent- I will measure the length of time it takes for each concentration of acid to erode the marble pieces. This will be done using a stop clock. Prediction: I think that if the concentration of the acid is increased the speed of the reaction will increase, this is because with a small concentration of acid mixed with marble there is less acid particles to react with the marble meaning there are fewer successful collisions, with a much larger concentration of acid mixed with marble more collisions will take place because there are more acid particles which means that the reaction will take less time. Suitable range of readings: I will have to collect enough readings from my experiment to draw a graph, this means I will need more than 5 readings, so If I record a reading every minute I should have enough information. I will do each experiment two times and take the average results. From this I will draw a graph to show the concentration of acid against time taken.

Feared Drowned :: essays research papers

Favorite Poem I picked the poem â€Å"Feared Drowned† by Sharon Olds as my favorite poem because it reminds me of a hard time that I had to overcome in my life. Once in my lifetime, I found this one perfect person who I fell in love with and lived happily ever after. Yeah, in reality this did not happen. Yes, we did have common interests and therefore developed romantic involvement. Real life relationships are more like "The Real World" rather than "Romeo and Juliet". It was a fact of life that couples do break up. In my freshman year of college I lost someone very special. My girlfriend at that time broke up with me but she still wanted to be friends. We had been in a relationship for about 4 years and all of a sudden everything started to fall apart. I could not figure out how that could be possible to be friends still. I always thought once you break up that’s it you go your way and I go my way. I didn’t really want to be friends with her. I was ready to move on with life but she kept coming back to me. Although, I didn’t look at her the same way I used to but she still wanted talk on the phone and go out. Growing apart was the reason for our break-up. This was an instance where we just did not feel attracted to each other anymore and that resulted in an end of relationship. She started talking to another guy and I started talking to this one girl and we came to the conclusion that we should break-up before anything bad happened such as losing trust in one another and this could hurt our relationships forever. Now I have overcame that tough time and I am still friends with my ex-girlfriend.

Adhd and Sleep Patterns

ADHD and Sleep Patterns The purpose of this research is to explore the sleep patterns of children with ADHD symptoms that have been reported by parents. The hypothesis according to O’Brien et al. (2003, p. 334) is that â€Å"domains of neurobehavioral function would be selectively affected by sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). † The null hypothesis according to this research is that multiple sleep disorders are more relevant in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, symptoms. Some of the disorders are: obstructive sleep apnea, snoring, spontaneous arousals, rapid eye movement, and periodic limb movements. Data Collection The data used for this research was collected by O’Brien et al. (2003) using various methods. Questionnaires were distributed to the parents who were enrolling children into first grade. Out of the 11,983 surveys distributed, a total of 5,728 usable responses were available to sample, a total of 47. 6%. From these samples, the researchers found that 11. % of the children were reported snore often, and 7. 3% of those children who snored were reported by parents to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. O’Brien et al. (2003) selected 83 children whose parents had reported them to show symptoms of ADHD to receive a sleep evaluation in a medical center, along with a control sample of 34 children with no reported signs of ADHD. After conducting the sleep tests, O’Brien et al. (2003) reported that 5% of â⠂¬Å"children with significant ADHD symptoms, and 7% of children with mild symptoms† (p. 57) had high periodic limb movements. It was also found that rapid eye movement was more prevalent in the high-symptom ADHD group. According to the study, â€Å"5% of children with significant ADHD symptoms, and 26% of those with mild symptoms† had indications of sleep apnea (O’Brien, 2003, p. 554). Conclusion According to research, children with many ADHD symptoms are no more at risk for rapid eye movement during sleep than children with no ADHD symptoms. Research also confirms that children with ADHD symptoms have a higher risk for other sleep disorders. This research cannot confirm that children with ADHD have higher rates of periodic limb movement. O’Brien et al. states â€Å"an unusually high prevalence of OSA was found† in children with ADHD (p. 561). O’Brien et al. (2003) rejected the null hypothesis of children with ADHD having a higher risk of all possible sleep disorders. Research has validated that children with ADHD have a higher risk of some sleep disorders but not all. More studies need to be done on children who have been medically diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to evaluate any sleep disorders better. Reference O'Brien, L. , Holbrook, C. , Klaus, C. , Bruner, J. , Wang, M. , Tuell, A. , et al. (2003). Sleep and Neurobehavioral Characteristics of 5- to 7-Year-Old Children With Parentally Reported Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Pediatrics, 111(3), 554. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.

Personal Statements Essay

Thinking about humanity nowadays and people’s preoccupations made me realize the huge impact that crimes and criminal justice have on their decisions and the way they receive and react at the details and information about a crime. Television news, newspapers and magazines, they all speak about crimes, unsolved criminal problems or strange disappearances. The world’s evolution, its issues have pushed societies nowadays to extreme gestures to escape from poverty problems. Why do people commit crimes? How much crime is there committed around us? Which would be the profile of a criminal and which would be his or her characteristics? Moreover, how could these crimes is stopped? I have been attracted to criminology since the early age of just 12. I was watching Discovery channel series like â€Å"Deadly women†, â€Å"Life of a crime†, â€Å"Most evil† and I was fascinated by the way those people were investigating and solving those crimes helped by only some fragile and minor details. As time passed by, I realized that this was my hobby and so I started thinking how I could develop my skills for a career in criminology. I thought that if I entered an exact sciences high school profile, I would constantly keep my mind focused, as subjects like mathematics or informatics enlarge your vision. As criminology implies psychology, I was and I am still interested in this fascinating subject. I will always be interested in discovering the characteristics of human nature. I had contact for the first time with Psychology in the second year of high school. I also read very interesting books about psychology and criminology such as â€Å"Psychology and Crime Myths and reality†, by Peter Ainsworth, â€Å"Criminology†, by John Conklin, etc, describing its characteristics and feeding my curiosity. I have discovered myself a lot of skills after reading those books and this was an extra reason for me to attend to a Criminology course. Besides criminology, I also like IT (information technology). As technology occupies a significant part of our lives, I thought it would be helpful to certificate my skills: I obtained my OCP certificate for ORACLE sql database course; I attended the ECDL (European Computer Driving Licence) courses from where I got a diploma as a complete operator of the Microsoft Office package. At present, I am attending the ORACLE pl_sql programming course which I am going to finalise in May 2009 and obtain my certificate. Even though I have been focusing on my ambitious plans and my future, I haven’t forgotten the ones that weren’t so lucky when speaking about family’s kindness and warmth. So, I was involved myself in volunteer projects every Christmas and Easter. The volunteer action is called National Strategy â€Å"The Community Action†. In present, I intended a new strategy to help the mentally or physically affected children at the â€Å"Orizont† Center in my town, Constanta. In my opinion, abandoning you own child is a crime and if he or she has a handicap it is ten times worse. As I am a very active person, I also took part to a lot of extracurricular activities, like: general-knowledge quizzes, chemistry contests where I have participated with the project â€Å"Water crystals. Crystal therapy† and gained two prizes, I am part of the high school volleyball team with which I won a lot of regional and national competitions, I had a job as an IT operator for introducing and validating dates within the POL-RENAV company, etc. Considering the fact that criminology is my hobby (terrorism, youth crimes, homicide, violence in crimes), it would be the perfect course for me to study and improve at university. Studying the behavior of criminals or investigating their crimes will always create a challenging future and an interesting one, having always something new to learn. As a personal conviction, criminology is maybe the most complex job that one could want: it involves mental strength, devotion and 100% interest for this field. 2. For a number of years I have had more than a passing interest in Criminology, Psychology and Sociology; in particular Criminal Psychology, Neuropsychology, the nature versus nurture debate and the Criminal Justice System. Additionally, I hold equal interest in the research, both past and present, undertaken to develop theories and concepts in the Social Science fields. I would now like to pursue these interests at a higher academic level with the hope, upon completion of my study, to gain employment whereby I could effectively utilise the skills and knowledge I had obtained, possibly in the research field. The reasons behind my late entry into higher education are primarily due to immaturity and lack of direction. Throughout my teens and early twenties my life was unconventional; this is where I believe my interest in the working of the human mind and sociological influences stem from. I have reflected on the contributing factors that led me to make the choices I made during my adole scent years. For me this raises the question of whether the underlying causes were biological or socially influenced or even a mixture of the two. Over the years I have matured and gained a sense of direction regarding what I would like to do. In 1999, I decided I wanted to contribute to my local community by doing some form of voluntary work, in particular with those who suffer from mental health problems. I became a befriended through Hilling don Mind. A befrienderÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s role is to support a person who is feeling isolated from the community. Every week I would visit my friend and sit and chat and lend an ear, we would also enjoy trips out into the community. I enjoyed my 12 months working as a befriended; I found it a humbling, fulfilling and rewarding experience. Sadly I had to make the difficult decision to leave the Hilling don Mind Befriending Scheme in the later part of 2000 due to unforeseen increased family and work commitments. In early 2006, I made the decision to return to education. As I had not been in full time education for 21 years, I chose to ease myself back into the system by studying a Horticulture course part time over a period of 2 years. I completed this course in July 2008 passing with 6 straight Distinctions at level 2; completing this course was the catalyst to further my education it gave me the confidence required to progress further. In September 2008, I enrolled on an Access to Psychology and Social Studies course and an additional GCSE Moths course at level 2. I am finding my current course both exciting and thought provoking and am enjoying life as a student immensely. My hopes are that on completion of both these courses I will have acquired a solid foundation of Social Sciences and the skills required to study at University. Throughout my life I have experienced a variety of roles within the work force including care work, administrative roles, production line work and voluntary research work for several websites. I have raised my two daughters, 5 & 17, almost single handed for the last 8 years; the eldest of which is in her final year of a levels and is currently in the process of applying to universities. For a number of years I have successfully maintained 2 Allotments, although they require a great deal of physical work I find growing my own produce extremely satisfying. Additionally, I enjoy listening to a variety of music and reading, in particular non-fictional crime. I manage my ongoing commitments to my children, education and allotments extremely well, indicative of conviction, dedication and good time management skills. Law with Criminology Personal Statement Social development within the country is based around the well-structured judicial system; however, this fundamental principle is not true for all countries and therefore permits shocking injustices to be carried out on the most vulnerable members of a society. It is from this that I believe my interest in Law stems. I am a keen, ambitious, diligent student and always strive to reach the best I can in whatever I do. Studying A levels in Business Studies, English Language and Biology gives me broad knowledge of different topics from which I have acquired many valuable skills that I believe can assist my studies in Law. Business Studies has been particularly useful when developing my understanding of the financial world and ever-changing business laws. Applying and examining bureaucracy and red tape to set case studies, has encouraged me to research further into the world of consumer rights and explore what is acceptable and not. I have enjoyed studying Biology and having to work close ly as a team when completing practical experiments with precision. English Language has given me the opportunity to analyse written texts which will be an advantage when studying cases and having to pick out key information. Studying AS Psychology has encouraged me to examine how criminal minds work and whether particular events from earlier years of life can have an effect. Recently, I attended a Foundation Degree Law Course where the idea was to become a â€Å"Lawyer for the week† and develop the learning skills required for University. During the week I had ‘hands on’ experience and undertook many legal practices such as taking witness statements and drafting statements of case. I found the course thoroughly enjoyable, particularly offering legal advice, and it helped me to realise how Law influences everyday decisions and activities. I have contributed too many different aspects of school life ranging from playing in successful musical concerts to becoming a senior student as a Year 8 mentor for which I had to attend two peer mediation courses. From this I learnt how to enhance my listening skills and empathise with those around me, offering reliable advice at the same time. I believe this would assist me when recommending legal advice to clientele. Along with a small group of other students, I am currently helping to set up a Committee to improve Sixth Form Life. Although this is to be carried out alongside my lessons, it helps me to plan my time well who benefits my studies when completing coursework and other various set tasks. The Young Enterprise Scheme, where it was our job to set up a company and assign ourselves roles within it, was a good insight into having to work as a team and understand business laws. I was chosen as the company secretary as I had the organizational skills which were necessary, this meant I had to work closely with the Managing Director to discuss issues and then make sure that every employee understood the tasks set. This developed my interpersonal skills as I had to liaise between staff, students and visitors from external companies. Personal well being is something I value and so participate regularly in exercise, giving me a sense of achievement when I overcome a certain obstacle or beat a personnel target. At school, this reflects my self discipline approach to studying. I have had to institute a system of time management alongside my education as I work part-time twice a week at South Deep Cafe. Working there for three years has, primarily, made me particularly approachable, as I have learnt many valuable customer relation skills, but has also reflected my trustworthiness and commitment especially when training other employees. As an enthusiastic, well-rounded, dedicated student, I feel I have the attributes and genuine passion needed to succeed on a Law Course, and look forward to the many challenges and aspects of life at University. Law and Criminology/Sociology Personal Statement From a young age, I have been fascinated by law and was thrilled at the possibility of studying it at A-Level. In August 2007, I was able to spend two weeks working at Naves Solicitors in Lupton. Most of my time was spent in the Conveyancing department, where Andrew Orriss, a partner in the firm, taught me how to draw up commercial leases and business contracts, and about buying, selling and renting residential properties. I most enjoyed meeting clients and discussing their cases. I found that moving house many times as a child enabled me to be sympathetic and relate to the clients. My time at Neves has made me more intent on pursuing a career in the law, as I liked the work and fitted in well with the staff. I believe my current studies of Law, English Language and History complement each other well and would give me an advantage at university, as they have furthered my strong reading and writing abilities, and taught me to be more logical and investigative. I also took Religious Studies at AS-level as I like learning about other peoples’ beliefs, and it helped me to become more open-minded. I enjoy getting involved with activities in my Sixth Form, such as planning the Summer Ball in Year 12. I was chosen by our Deputy Head Girl to take the minutes for the meetings and email them to the other committee members, and my minutes were commended by my Head of Year. I was also asked to assist with the Sixth Form Induction Evening. My duties involved welcoming prospective students and their parents, handing out prospectuses, and talking to them about my own experiences of Sixth Form. In Year 13, I was chosen as a History subject mentor to help struggling Year 12 students, and I also helped out on a trip to Germany with students in years 7 to 9. Outside of school, my hobbies include photography, bass guitar, and writing. In 2006, I came second in a BBC writing competition for young people in Northamptonshire. Having grown up in France, I am bilingual, and my next challenge is to write a short story in French. I also have a part-time job at McDonald’s, which has taught me about working with others, as well as coping with pressure. One of the crucial parts of my job is ensuring that customers are satisfied, and occasionally dealing with complaints. I believe the people skills I have gained from McDonald’s will help me in other aspects of my life. I regularly attend my local church and Christian youth group. In July 2007, I had the opportunity to go to Kosovo for a fortnight with other members of the youth group. Our aim was to help widows and orphans affected by the Yugoslav Civil War and the ethnic cleansing of Kosovans in 1999. We redecorated homes and schools, ran children’s clubs, distributed aid, and visited a Roma gypsy camp. It was a very profound and moving experience, and one I hope to repeat at some point in the future. This is the reason for my deferred entry to university. I plan to spend a few months fundraising, and then return to Kosovo for the remainder of the year to continue the work we started there. I believe that I am a confident and enthusiastic person who would benefit greatly from studying at university. I am passionate about the law and would like to have a career as a lawyer. I also have a keen sense of justice and an interest in Sociology and Criminology and would consider working with the Prison Service or the CPS. I think that studying Law at university would help me make the best possible use of my analytical and writing skills, and that a career in Law would satisfy my need to help.

Anthropology Research Paper Topics and Ideas

Anthropology Research Paper Topics and Ideas Even though in the modern world anthropology is usually underestimated as a science and a significant source of information, it is necessary to mention that anthropology is a complex knowledge of different cultures, traditions, and societies. Besides, one should remember that anthropology also combines such studies as history, sociology, and even linguistics. Therefore, anthropology is a complex study of past and present societies, their culture, and behavior. Unsurprisingly, anthropology covers every aspect of human life because it focuses on culture, which, in its turn, has a superb impact on the way people live, behave, and even build relationships. Moreover, anthropology provides a larger picture of what was going on in this or that society centuries ago. It is very easy to turn anthropological research in a fun and interesting task. To be more precise, the key to writing an effective anthropological paper is choosing the topic or idea you would like to explore. Taking into account the fact that anthropology deals with numerous aspects of human life, it is a simple thing to do. At the same time, one should consider getting aware of the historical context of the epoch he or she will be discovering and describing, as historical events are vitally important for the in-depth understanding of any society or culture. For instance, it is advisable to use historical records and even artifacts depending on the topic of your research. Topic and Ideas for Anthropological Research Paper Below you can find the examples of topics for the anthropological research paper: 1. Interpretation of Greeting Gestures in Chinese and American Cultures This topic is especially interesting as more and more Chinese people move to the US. They have to adjust to the new culture and, what is more, even to adopt new gestures to express themselves. In this research paper, you can dwell on the history of this or that gesture in both cultures and try to explain how they originated and preserved throughout the centuries. 2. Kissing Traditions in Western and Eastern Societies This topic presupposes detailed research of different societies, which gives you a wide range of cultures to choose from. For example, you can start with mentioning that a long intimate kiss is usually associated with French kissing culture. Besides, you can say that humans are the only mammals that kiss and explain the emotional and cultural meaning of a kiss in the chosen societies. 3. The Changing Views on Marriage in Asia Asian societies are widely considered traditional and even old-fashioned when it comes to such things as marriage and family. Nevertheless, all of them undergo the effects of globalization and the Internet. Even though Asian people tend to stick to old rules, there are plenty of those, who neglect these rules and resist the cultural norms. For example, in Japan, women do not already feel that they must get married and start a family. Still, the country is trying to resolve the issue of the ever-increasing levels of loneliness among its residents. 4. The Reasons behind the Worldwide Popularity of Faux Fur Undoubtedly, the main reason why faux fur wins markets all over the world is the fact that no animals have to be killed to make a beautiful, high-quality piece of clothing. However, you can also talk about the original function of the fur, and the change of its perception over time. That is, apart from keeping one warm, fur was also viewed as a symbol of poverty and wealth, which are not that crucial nowadays. 5. The Impact of Latin Language on Ancient Greek and Roman Cultures Here you can describe the role of the Latin language for the development of both Greek and Roman cultures. For instance, how the Latin Language has become the language of literature and all the documents, which forced all the people to learn it and communicate with each other using this language only. Moreover, you can also talk about how the Latin language became the base for the development of other European languages and cultures. 6. The Traces of Aztec, Incas, and Mayas Cultures in the Cultures of Modern Latin American Sources This research paper requires a lot of work as you should get familiar with both ancient cultures and modern ones. It is highly recommended to compare and contrast ancient and modern paintings, themes in literature, and celebrations of major holidays. 7. Similarities and Differences between Modern Slavic Groups In this anthropological paper, you can choose a few aspects to dwell on such as languages, history, culture, and even the beginnings of state. It is essential to study the history of the development and growth of a particular Slavic group since it originated. 8. Role of Women in Ancient Egypt and Modern Egypt It is surprising that Ancient Egypt was one of the first countries, where women had any rights. However, the modern-day country is an Islamic one, which means that women have almost no rights there. In this paper, you can discuss what factors contributed to such a transition over time. 9. Scandinavian Minimalism vs. American Consuming It is quite provocative and, at the same time, a challenging topic for anthropological research. Apart from talking about the history of these countries and factors that led to the establishment of minimalistic and consumer lifestyles, you can also describe how these trends are viewed in the rest of the world. 10. Floral and Animal Prints in the Clothing of Native American Tribes For writing a successful research paper on this topic, you might consider visiting some exhibitions dedicated to the life and art of Native American tribes. Without a doubt, nature was vitally important for Indians, and they highly respected both flora and fauna. While some tribes were more connected to the plants, others were more connected to the animals, which they were showing by decorating their clothing accordingly. 11. Impact of the Roman Catholic Church on the Development of Architecture and Sculpture During the Middle Ages In the middle ages, the church was the center of religion, politics, social life, and even arts. That is, Church was the organization that sponsored and paid for decorating not only churches all over the Catholic world but also the private houses and mansions of the clergy. Therefore, you can choose a few interesting buildings and churches and talk about their history and people, who took part in constructing and decorating them. 12. Immigrants in America: 17th and 21st Century For this paper, you may want to look for the documents about the exploration of America and the first residents of the new country. That is, back in the 17th century, everybody was welcomed in the newly discovered rich land. On the contrary, in the 21st century, the ever-increasing rates of migration can become a problem for the Americans. 13. Social Attitudes Towards Monarchs in Great Britain and the Netherlands This anthropological research essay will examine public opinion about monarch families in two rich, powerful, and flourishing European countries. Consequently, you may need data from national polls regarding monarchs, their rulings, and even interactions with common people. 14. Why India? Hollywood vs. Bollywood Such a comparison of two large movie industries will depend greatly on your ability to find out the factors that made both the US and Hindi movie products so popular all over the world. Apart from discussing Hollywood and Bollywood from historical and financial perspectives, you may also talk about the perception of American and Hindi movies in other countries of the world. 15. Why Latin Pop Songs Are Taking over the World In this paper, first of all, you will have to talk about the growing number of Spanish-speaking people in the world. No wonder that more and more people pick Latin pop songs comparing to American ones. However, you can also mention particularly Latin characteristics of these songs such as festivity, carnival rhythms, and even the look of the singers. 16. Twitter and Politics: The Impact of Social Media on the Popularity and Trustworthiness of Major Political Figures of the World In the 21st century, it is a common thing that politicians all over the world use social media to engage with their electorate. However, the reaction and perception of politicians through Twitter (one of the most popular social platforms among politicians) vary greatly from country to country. You may consider comparing the content of the tweets of American and European politicians. 17. Piercing in India and Western Countries While piercing is usually associated with teenagers and different subcultures, in India, it is an ancient tradition. You may explore the meaning and history of piercing in India (especially wedding traditions) and the spread of piercing culture in major European and American countries. 18. Why an Average Young Person Travels Several Times More Comparing to His or Her Parents Even though modern youngsters tend to have more possibilities and even finances to travel, it is not the main reason behind taking a trip at least twice a year. In fact, the change of cultures and the way of thinking of current and previous generations encourage young people to discover new places since their teenage years. 19. Social Perception of Drugs: Medication or Entertainment? For discussing this topic, you will have to focus on the history of drugs and their use throughout the history of the world. It is a wide-known fact that many centuries ago drugs were mainly seen as a medication. Nevertheless, nowadays, they are accessible to almost everybody either legally or illegally. 20. The Issue of an Aging Society in Europe and the USA An aging society is one of the problems that threaten the future of developed countries. As the residents of these countries get older, there are no young people to replace them at their working places. In such a research paper, you may discover the reasons behind such a situation and the ways to resolve it. Conclusion To sum up, an anthropological research essay requires excellent analytical, research, and even creative things. Picking an interesting topic for your research paper in anthropology is much easier as you can imagine. However, you should remember to use reliable sources and, sometimes, even artifacts that represent this or that culture or society. The anthropological research paper does not necessarily have to focus on the culture or traditions. Fortunately, there are many ideas about possible topics beginning from the impact of social networks and ending up with the peculiarities of human relationships in different societies. Finally, anthropological research papers are a great way to find out more about the world, its past, and groups of people that inhabited it throughout history.

The Lyrics for Christmas Eve by Tatsuro Yamashita

The Lyrics for Christmas Eve by Tatsuro Yamashita Here are the lyrics for Christmas Eve by Tatsuro Yamashita in Japanese, with a romaji translation. You can also hear the song, Christmas Eve on Youtube. There is an English version; though the lyrics are not a literal translation of the Japanese version. ã‚ ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'â€" é› ¨Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ¤Å"æ› ´Ã£ â€˜Ã© Å½Ã£ Å½Ã£  « é› ªÃ£  ¸Ã£  ¨Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£   Ã£â€š Ã£ â€  Silent night, Holy night 㠁 Ã£  £Ã£  ¨Ã¥ â€ºÃ£  ¯Ã¦  ¥Ã£  ªÃ£ â€ž 㠁 ²Ã£  ¨Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ®Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'â€" Silent night, Holy night Ã¥ ¿Æ'æ · ±Ã£   ç §ËœÃ£â€š Ã£ Å¸Ã¦Æ' ³Ã£ â€ž Ã¥  ¶Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 Ã£ â€ Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  ªÃ£ â€ž Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã£ Å¡Ã¤ »Å Ã¥ ¤Å"㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€° è ¨â‚¬Ã£ Ë†Ã£  Ã£ â€ Ã£  ªÃ¦ °â€"㠁Å'㠁â€"㠁Ÿ Silent night, Holy night 㠁 ¾Ã£   Ã¦ ¶Ë†Ã£ Ë†Ã¦ ®â€¹Ã£â€šâ€¹ Ã¥ â€ºÃ£  ¸Ã£  ®Ã¦Æ' ³Ã£ â€ž Ã¥ ¤Å"㠁 ¸Ã£  ¨Ã©â„¢ Ã£â€šÅ Ã§ ¶Å¡Ã£   è ¡â€"è §â€™Ã£  «Ã£  ¯Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'„ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ¼ 銀è‰ ²Ã£  ®Ã£  Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€š Ã£   Silent night, Holy night Romaji Translation Ame wa yofukesugi ni yuki e to kawaru darou Silent night, Holy night Kitto kimi wa konai hitorikiri no kurisumasu-ibu Silent night, Holy night Kokoro fukaku himeta omoi kanaeraresoumo nai Kanarazu konya nara iesouna ki ga shita Silent night, Holy night Mada kienokoru kimi e no omoi yoru e to furitsuzuku Machikado niwa kurisumasu-tsurii giniro no kirameki Silent night, Holy night Vocabulary é› ¨ (ame): rain Ã¥ ¤Å"æ› ´Ã£ â€˜ (yofuke): late at night é› ª (yuki): snow Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹ (kawaru): to change Ã¥ â€º (kimi): you 㠁 ²Ã£  ¨Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ  (hitorikiri): all by yourself ç §ËœÃ£â€š Ã£ Å¸ (himeta): hidden, secret 㠁‹ã  ªÃ£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ (kanaeru): to grant, to answer a prayer Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã£ Å¡ (kanarazu): certainly ä »Å Ã¥ ¤Å" (konya): tonight æ ¶Ë†Ã£ Ë†Ã¦ ®â€¹Ã£â€šâ€¹ (kienokoru): remain unmelted è ¡â€"è §â€™ (machikado): a street corner 銀è‰ ² (giniro): silver(color) 㠁 Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€š Ã£   (kirameki): sparkling, twinkling

Fact sheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fact sheet - Essay Example The leaves are also dark green in color which is shiny on the paler underneath and at the top with its petiole section being red and long in size. In the fall, the leaves with smooth margins will usually turn yellow. Habitat: Bigleaf maple grows in moist soils and areas that are shingle and rough in nature. There is a high likelihood of the trees surviving in areas which are next to the lake, river and stream edges compared to other wet regions such as the seepage areas. [1]. The species mostly occurs in mixed group of trees with black, red alder, Douglas –fir, cottonwood, western hemlock and Western red Cedar. Mice, grosbeaks and squirrels usually eat on the seeds of this species while the elk and deer often feed on its twigs. Use: The tree can be used in making of hooks for clothes, dishes and pipes. [1]. They are also used in making of paddles; occasionally, the inner back can be used in making ropes, baskets and whisks which are used for whipping soopolallie berries [1]. Notes: In fact, the Maple flowers are one kind of food that can be eaten with salad together. It is quite sweet. For the bark of the Bigleaf maple trees, it is rich in calcium and moisture because the trees are usually in wet rainforest plant community. It should be noted that the flower of Bigleaf maple just like other Maple is one of the delicious meals that can be eaten together with salad. The bark of the tree on the other hand is rich in moisture and calcium given that they are found within the community of

Literacy narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literacy narrative - Essay Example I have always been in love with Engines and machines, the ability of doing it in the US was a great opportunity, but doing it without ample knowledge on written and spoken English would be like putting the cart before the horse because I would not do Engineering to my full potential. To be able to obtain my bachelor degree in Civil engineering at Rodger Williams University in the US, I had to first enroll for English classes at ELS English centre just within the same university’s campus in Bristol town. Bristol is a small town located at the centre of the smallest state in the union of Rhode Island. I experienced the beauty of heavens in Rode Island, the breeze from the large water body cooled me off while I enjoyed the summer, the weather was fantastic, and the warmth of the people around me soothed me and made me feel at home. The act of learning became more comprehensible for thanks to the support of my teachers, at the same time I also managed to make new friends and my so cial life was full of fun especially during the weekends. I took my writing skills and style learning in a slow and steady manner, I never wanted to rush thing over because I already learnt that slow and steady wins the race. Among the classes I undertook was the reading and writing class, the fact that it begun in the morning was a big boost to me because I was still as fresh as the word fresh itself and my mood was always good for learning and Mrs. Carol too set a good atmosphere for the learning experience and I started to see the daylight in the English language. The help provided by Mrs. Carol always prevented me from turning tail when things seemed to be a little harder. She was ever present in her office for consultations and any other questions I always had. There is this instance of the process that I will never forget; it is one of the memorable moments in my English studying process. She gave an assignment of comparing two things within an article and the time span for it s completion was includes as twenty four hours. The assignment was well described by her as an open book including the thesis statement; still I found this to be as hard as a rock. I thought that the reason for not seeing the light at the end of the tunnel for this assignment was because it was the first I ever had, I went ahead and gave it all my all expecting to surprise my teacher by making up to the mark. After presenting the assignment, I was astonished when my teacher asked, ‘Where is your thesis, Mohammed?’ Knowing that it was a statement I decided to make a statement of the conclusion an escape goat to her question instead I was moving wide of the mark. The teacher asked me how I was going to make my readers understand how I was going to make my readers understand what I was talking about if I placed my thesis at the end of the article. She pointed out that the thesis should always be in the introduction. I was not the only fish in the pool; there were also othe r international students that had the same problem as me. Mrs. Carol therefore, trying to offer solution to my problem decided to give me links to websites and articles that were written in English so that I could practice identification of thesis in them. I went home with a strategy after getting a

Food security in Ghana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Food security in Ghana - Essay Example Government responses to these challenges will also be discussed whereby it will be concluded that a lot of efforts are to be made if food security in Ghana is to be achieved. In general, the purpose of this essay is to discuss global food crises using Ghana as a case study Introduction Food security can be defined as the availability of sustainable food supply accessible to all citizens regardless of their social or economic backgrounds. Unfortunately, it has been observed that a significant number of people worldwide have continued to face food shortages with reports indicating that more than 850 million people are suffering from extreme hunger, which to a greater extent, has been blamed on poverty. It is sad to note that children are the most vulnerable and according to world statistics, more than six million of them are losing their lives every year, translating to approximately 17000 deaths per day (Shaw, 2010). To some extent, food insecurity in the world has been brought about by urbanization whereby people have neglected subsistence farming in rural areas in favor of white collar and technical jobs available in urban areas. It is estimated that 50% of world’s population are currently residing in urban areas, with youths and able bodied men and women leaving the weak and the aged population in the rural areas to participate in food production. This coupled with the rising costs of production especially due to increased fuel prices have contributed significantly in the cost of acquiring food stuff. For example, global wheat prices rose by 56% in September 2010 while the general food price index rose by 17% in the same year (Shaw, 2010). This has forced the management of the Global Food Crisis Response Program to extend its mandate to June 2011, hoping that the situation will have stabilized by then. This essay is a critical evaluation of food security in Ghana. Food Security in Ghana As earlier mentioned, food insecurity is a phenomenon that is cont inuing to pose a challenge for majority of citizens around the world, especially in the underdeveloped as well as the developing countries. A country such as Ghana for example has been facing insufficient food supplies mostly due to the fact that food production is highly based on availability of sufficient rainfall. This has made it a common problem to find that food is produced in large quantities during the rainy season but shortages persist during the dry season especially in the northern part of the country, which suffers drought mostly in the season between the months of February and July (IFAD, n.d). In this context, it has been observed that cultivating grains such as wheat and maize among others, which take a long time to mature, is not viable to the poor farmers and this has necessitated huge importation of grains to sustain their demand. For example, the government imported rice worth $100 million in 2010, with cereal imports supplementing food requirement by 4.7% (Bruce, 2010). However, it has also been observed that communities which are favored with sufficient rainfall to guarantee food production are not assisting much to alleviate the problem. This is due to the fact that the government has failed to invest in storage facilities which, coupled with poverty, force rural farmers to sell their produce immediately after harvesting so as to supplement their financial needs as well as to prevent their food

Individual Rationality and Collective Rationality Essay Example for Free

Individual Rationality and Collective Rationality Essay 1. Introduction of Double Auction As one of the most popular way to trade, auction has a long history. According to the different kinds of market structure, there are two kinds of auction, one-side auction and two-side auction (i.e. double auction). Compared with one-side auction, the market structure of the double auction is many-to-many, which means that there are more than one seller and more than one buyer, so both the buyers and sellers lose their own comparative advantage which exists in one-side auction. The relationship between them is a kind of equality between demand and supply. In recent years, with the development of the global economy, there are more challenges for new auction theory and its applications, which are shown in the following aspects. First, with the development of the Internet and communication technologies, e-commerce has become a new business method. At the same time, internet auction has been widely used in the field of e-commerce. Since auction is widely used in the field of trading non-scarcity goods, it changes structure of auction, which used to be based on the buyer’s market or the seller’s market. As double auction can solve the problem of collusion and malignant bid, it has become a widely used way in e-commerce. For example, both NYSE and Chicago Exchange have put different kinds of double auction into practice. With the growing of financial market and e-commerce, the need for better auction rules is surely increasing. Besides, as enterprise restructuring has become a hot topic, double auction is found to be a way to deal with property transactions, mergers and acquisitions. What’s more, with the upgrade of demand structure, the diversification strategy for enterprise business and influence of the supply chain management, there are diversified production, diversified manufacturing and diversified demand. Many famous car companies such as Ford are using combinatorial double auction to the sale and purchase of auto parts. When auction is used in the above fields with various needs, there is a great need for the development of new auction model. Compared with other auction mechanisms, double auction can not only solve the problem of monopoly, but also reduce the duration and costs of trade. However, there are still some problems about it, such as trading rules, the way to release information and the formation of transaction price. According to the above reasons, double auction has attracted much attention. And the core theories about it are Smith’s mystery and Hayek problem, which try to explain how the double auction can reach the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity predicted by the demand-supply model, under the conditions that there is no complete information and few people in the auction. 2. Design of Experiment In order to do some further analysis, we conducted an experiment which simplified real double auction situations with the help of several undergraduate students under four assumptions: First, rational man assumption, which means everyone wants to maximize his/her profit. Second, the goods are homogeneous, so there is no monopoly. Third, there is no cost of sending or getting information, i.e. the transaction cost is zero. Fourth, the participants have no information about the experiment parameter (the value for buyer or cost for seller) before they join the experiment. (2) Trading rules a. When the trade begins, the buyers give their quotes first. Who raises his hand first will quote first. Then, the sellers offer the price they ask. b. Both the sellers and the buyers don’t know the information about the other side. c. When quoting, the seller must ask for a price that is lower than the former seller, and the buyer must ask for a price that is higher than the former buyer. When the price of the two sides is equal, a transaction is reached. d. The trade for each group is divided into three periods and each period lasts for 5 minutes. (3)Trading steps a. Divide all the participants into two groups, buyer and seller, and each group has 8 people. b. Zero phase trade. In order to make the participants familiar with the rules, there is a zero phase trading, the result of which is not included into the final result. c. Begin official trade. d. End trade and take down all the results, including every participant’s own profit in each period and their total profits. Double Auction Experiment 1. Concept Definition and Parameter Settings If we carefully consider each quoting process, we will find the game process in double auction. There are inside game and outside game in the experiment. Firstly, there is among-group game between buyer and seller and they want to drive down or push up prices to earn as much profit as possible. And based on the theoretical design, a buyer and a seller can be trading at least one unit of commodity in one trading period. Experiment shows that each buyer and seller generally trade exactly once each period. Secondly, there is within-group game both among buyers and among sellers. Taking buyer as an example, when the seller quotes a price, buyer X can choose to trade or wait. If choosing to trade, he will probably miss a next lower quoted price although obtaining a certain surplus. However, if he chooses to wait, then the other buyers may intervene in transaction, which constitute competition for buyer X. Each buyer and seller should consider the competition within group, acting as an individual in the game. Meanwhile, they should also consider the competition between groups, acting both as an individual and a group in the game. As can be seen, the core of the complex game process is the relationship of individual-collective interaction. By observing dynamic transaction and competitive process among individual, between the individual and the collective and between the collective, we try to find the interpretation of some problems. Therefore, constructing appropriate parameters, we proceed from rational assumption to define individual rationality and collective rationality respectively. (1) Constructing quoted price functions of the buyer and the seller Firstly, assuming the quoted price function of the buyer i is bidi = vi(1-Ï€i) where bidi denotes the quoted price of buyer i, vi denotes the willing-to-pay of buyer i, Ï€i denotes expected rate of return. Secondly, assuming the quoted price function of the seller is: askj = cj(1+Ï€j) where askj denotes the quoted price of seller j, cj denotes the cost of seller j, Ï€j denotes the expected rate of return of seller j. (2) According to the market parameters and theoretical equilibrium price(7.8) of buyer and seller, we can calculate the standard rate of return of every buyer and seller, Ï€i* and Ï€j*, respectively. (3) On this basis, we assume that individual rationality index is bri=Ï€i/Ï€i* of the buyer, srj= Ï€j/Ï€j* of the seller. The higher the index, the higher is the degree of the buyer or the sellers individual rationality, for it indicates more incentive to maximize their interests strongly. The standard individual rationality is 1, indicating that the expected rate of return and the actual rate of return of the buyer or the sellers are consistent. (4) Similarly, we can define the buyers collective rationality index as sbri=Ï€i/Ï€i*, where Ï€i is the average expected rate of return of all the buyers who participate in a transaction, Ï€i* is the standard average rate of return of the buyers. Whats more, we can define the sellers collective rationality index as ssrj=Ï€j/Ï€j*. The higher the index, the higher is the degree of collective rationality, because it indicates more strongly motivation to maximize their collective interests. The standard collective rationality is also 1, indicating that the expected collective rate of return and the actual collective rate of return of the buyer or the sellers are consistent. 2. Analysis of Parameters In order to study the market inefficiency of the second group, we selected two sets of data as a typical example. Group #1s transaction price is equal to the theoretical equilibrium price (7.8), while Group #2s transaction price is far from the theoretical equilibrium price, only 6.3. Lets observe the quoted price of the buyers and the sellers in the first group, We find that in the second offer, S2s quoted price fell directly from 10 to 7.5, its price is less than the theoretical equilibrium price 7.8, which makes the sellers quoted price become farther and farther away from the equilibrium price. Instead, the buyers offer is steadily rising with smaller fluctuation, which makes the buyers successfully lower price. Let’s move to the quotes of the buyers and sellers from Group #2. Obviously, the quote fluctuations of both sides are smaller and the final equilibrium price (Pe) is closer to the ideal value. Therefore, we may infer that in the double auctions where the number of quotations reaches a certain level, if we want the final transaction price to be close to the theoretical equilibrium price, fluctuations in both quotations cannot be too great, otherwise it will be very easy to deviate from Pe, consequently making either buyer side or seller side gains too much surplus. The reason why we emphasize a certain level of the number of quotations is that if either one side of the bidders or the askers offers a price that is quite close to the expected one, a deal is very likely to be made. Actually, we do see lots of quick transactions in the experiment, especially the 2nd round of Group #1, where there would be expected to exist fluctuation. But that quick deal is based on that either buyer or seller or both of them have an intuition about Pe or are simply informed of that price. If the information for both sides is so inadequate or even zero, then it will seem quite important to estimate Pe by price fluctuation during the first several quotes. On the other hand, however, substantial quote fluctuations will not only compress the quote space afterwards, but also impair one’s own market power, while increasing the other side’s market power and surplus. Let’s now look at the changes in individual rate of return and individual rationality index of Group #1 and #2. Group #1 A. Expected Rate of Return The fluctuation of expected rate of return is distinct around the seller S2, where the expected rate of return of buyers is far higher than that of the sellers. B. Individual Rationality As can be seen, buyers’ individual rationality fluctuates more than the sellers’, while the degree of buyers’ individual rationality (1, since round 2) is much higher than that of sellers’ (1, and decreasing since round 2). Thus, we can assume that there is a collective irrational phenomenon among the sellers. Usually, both buyer and seller will hope to receive higher surplus and try to make the price more beneficial to themselves. So it’s reasonable to see that individual rationality index fluctuates a bit around the standard line or even higher than it, just to make the final transaction price and surplus closer to the theoretical ones. But in this case, seller S2 suddenly lowers his expected rate of return (from the normal 2.22 to 0.86), probably because he underestimates Pe or just wants to quickly sell the product. It’s quite hard for the following sellers to reach the ideal level, but can only quote under 1, giving buyers more space for quote and more power to control the market. If the sellers following S2 used to have higher expectation than 1, then a phenomenon called inconsistency of collective rationality occurs by the influence of inconsistency of individual rationality. When it happens, the irrational collectivity’s power is impaired and Pe and surplus will end up more beneficial to the other collectivity. As can be seen from the experiment results, the collective rationality index of buyers is 2.793, which is much higher than that of sellers, 0.808. Group #2 A. Expected Rate of Return The expected rate of return fluctuates more, comparatively. What’s more important, the values of both sides are quite close. B. Individual Rationality This corresponds to our previous analysis. The individual rationality index of both buyers and sellers is always larger and very close to Group #1. The individual rationality equals to the standard individual rationality when the final deal is made. In this situation, the quote range and market power for both sides are similar without any doubt. The price at equilibrium and the surplus are close to the theoretical value. Therefore, we can think that there is no disturbance of individual rationality to collective rationality for both sides. From the perspective of collective rationality index, sbri=1.879ï ¼Å'ssrj=1.692ï ¼Å'the difference is relatively small and both values are larger than 1. From the analysis above, the following could be inferred. In certain times of quote, if the market’s transaction price and surplus diverge from the theoretical Pe and surplus, there must exist a negative disturbance of individual rationality to collective rationality for one side which enables the other side to have dominant power of quote. In another way, if the market’s transaction price and surplus are close to theoretical values, there is going to appear two cases. First, individual rationality and collective rationality are in accordance with each other for both sides and both have the similar market power which results in mutual antagonism; second, disturbances for both sides may be very large and the rationality values are not close at all, which does not show in all the experimental data while it could be thought to exist theoretically. The values are close only at the transaction price and it is based on an obvious premise that the values are larger than 1, since as long as one value is less than 1, it is very easy (not necessarily) to fall to a weak position (which usually happens in the first round of Group #2). The way to analyze these three situations is pretty similar to the one analyzing monopoly and competitive markets. The key element is the effect of the relation between individual rationality and collective rationality to market power. Conclusion From the analysis above, we can reach a primary conclusion that the quote from a single seller or buyer can affect the formation and the result of market equilibrium. We can use individual-collective rationality model to explain the process. Individual rationality can cause a destabilization to collective rationality (resulting in remarkable fluctuation), when the destabilization is small, which means that the individual rationality that causes it is not less than one, the collective rationality still tends to be consistent and this will not have a significant effect on the market power of both sides. But when the destabilization is large, which means that the individual rationality that causes it is less than one, there will be a significant effect on the consistency of the collective rationality, so there will be a change of the two sides’ market power. Then, the equilibrium price and the surplus of both sides also change. So, there is a kind of tension between individual desirability and collective desirability. There are some points that we need to pay attention to. First, this kind of relationship becomes more obvious with the increasing of quotation times during one period. The deeper reason for this is the lack of information and each side has to continuously probe and tries to release as much information, which can maximize his profit, as possible, no matter whether the information is true. If the deal can be reached within one or two times, there will be no such complex game about the info releasing and collecting. Second, in reality, the destabilization is always negative (i.e. a sudden decrease in bid or expected return), which indicates the bounded rationality. We don’t need to take positive destabilization into account. So, how can we use this model to explain the non efficiency phenomenon of market in double auction? There are two aspects that we need to pay attention to. First, the relationship of individual rationality and collective rationality has an effect on the market power, and then affects the equilibrium price and the ratio of the surplus of both sides; the price either has a bad effect on the sellers or the buyers (In our experiment, it is the sellers that lose). Thus, some buyers or sellers that could have entered the deal are kicked off now, which leads to some deadweight loss. Second, when the market power is out of balance, the number of games between buyers and sellers will increase. Let’s take the third group (whose transaction price is averagely 10% less than theoretical Pe) as an example. When the buyers realize their power and advantage, they will wait the sellers to decrease the price. At that time, from the perspective of buyers, the earnings of waiting is larger than the risk. The sellers are forced to decrease the price, but only for a little each time to avoid a worse price. As a result, during the limited trading times, the number of transactions decreases, which leads to further deadweight loss. References 1. JAVIER GIL-BAZO, DAVID MORENO, AND MIKEL TAPIA, â€Å"Price Dynamics, Informational Efficiency, And Wealth Distribution in Continuous Double-Auction Markets†, Computational Intelligence, Volume 23, Number 2, 2007 2. Charles A.Holt, Loren W.Langan, Anne P.Villamil, Market power in oral double auctions† Economic Inquiry, 24:1 (1986:Jan.) p.107 3. Juliette Rouchier, Stà ©phane Robin, â€Å"Simulation Gaming† 4. Darren Duxbury, â€Å"Experimental Evidence on Trading Behavior, Market Efficiency and Price Formation in Double Auctions with Unknown Trading Duration†